The Death Penalty Is Not Accepted Essay - 1173 Words

Out of all Americans, â€Å"more than 60% of them support the death penalty† (Harden 1). Many people in the United States support this decision because they feel like justice needs to be rightfully served to those who committed unforgivable crimes. In some cases, this may seem inhumane but in other cases, it is what is best for the community for the people. The death penalty has been around for many years and it is still a debatable topic for some individuals. The death penalty was created to help, not harm; however, this can be discussed by a broad spectrum of people and it can be easy to see both sides of why it should or should not be around in this day and age. The death penalty is not accepted in every state; however, many should be informed on where it originated and how long it has been around, why it is used, and what people can do to only improve the system. Some cases say that the death penalty has been around for many years, which is true but what most people do no t know, is that the British is the influence for it all. Britain influenced America s use of the death penalty more than any other country; because when European settlers came to the new world, they brought the practice of capital punishment (Randa 1). Ever since the Britain’s had a huge role in creating the execution method, it has only grown over the past centuries. The death penalty is still used to this day and it has become more effective. For a while the execution method died out, until the lateShow MoreRelated death penalty Essay1215 Words   |  5 Pages Death penalty Is it violation of human rights? Mohammad Towhidul Islam Though the modern world is very sympathetic to the concept of human rights issues, death penalty as a form of capital punishment has still been in practice in the world. During 2001, at least 3048 people were executed in 31 countries as well as at least 5265 people were sentenced to death in 68 countries. It is very interesting to see that some advanced countries, which are pioneer to the protection and promotionRead MoreDeath And Justice : How Capital Punishment Affirms Life854 Words   |  4 Pagesfriends of the people who lost their lives in the attacks on 9/11. This idea, that the death of a murderer brings peace to the victim’s family and friends, was not only accepted but trusted that day. This idea isn’t always accepted when a murderer is sentenced to the death penalty in a court of law in the United States. In â€Å"Death and Justice: How Capital Punishment Affirms Life†, Mayor Ed Koch argues that the death penalty strengthens the value of human life thr ough focus on the importance of justice asRead MoreDeath Penalty Argumentative Essay1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe death penalty, or capital punishment, is the execution of an offender that is sentenced to death by a court of law for a criminal offense.   This type of punishment for inmates is involved in controversy over whether or not it is an acceptable form of punishment for criminals and also whether or not it is immoral.   There are many arguments for both sides of the debate, each making valid points and pointing out the flaws of the opposing position. Many religions are either for or against capitalRead MorePaula Rodriguez Jimenez. Sociology 207. Professor James1353 Words   |  6 PagesPaula Rodriguez Jimenez Sociology 207 Professor James Clift February 23, 2017 Death Penalty Historically, the death sentence was often handled with torture, and executions, except that it was done in public. In this century, the death penalty, execution or capital punishment, whatever you’d like to refer it as, is the result for committing capital crimes or capital offences and it is not in public. The death penalty has been practiced by most societies in the past, as a punishment for criminalsRead MoreRacism And Racism Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThe death penalty discriminates and marginalizes minorities and the poor in our society. Legal systems are unfair therefore the death penalty is imposed unfairly since equals are not treated equally. The richest man alive is not treated the same as a homeless individual on the streets of downtown Toronto. There are many flaws in the justice system mostly because it is made up of individuals and as individuals we are prone to making mistakes. Witnesses, prosecutors and jurors can create the smallestRead MoreThe Classic al Conception Of Lex Talionis957 Words   |  4 Pagesfor a tooth,† which is a concept commonly associated with retributive justice. Although Jeffrey Reiman does not believe in using the death penalty as punishment for murder, he does support for it under certain distinct circumstances. In this case, responding to murder with death would demonstrate the idea of lex taliones. Reiman explains that the death penalty constitutes just punishment for some murders because murder is defined as â€Å"the killing of a legally innocent person by a nonauthorized individual†Read MoreEssay on The Bible and Capital Punishment1432 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bible and Capital Punishment What Does Christianity Tell Us To Do In Case Of Extreme Crime?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Capital Punishment, commonly known as the death penalty, is one of the most controversial problems of our society today. There are many stands you can take with it: yes; no; maybe; only in this situation; only if this doesn’t happen. Even the Bible is undecided about what to do with people who commit such horrendous crimes.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bible first mentions what to do in case of extreme crime inRead MoreEssay on Capital Punishment Should Remain Legal1253 Words   |  6 Pagescriminals. I will demonstrate this by showing how the logic behind not having the death penalty is invalid. I will also present examples that will defend my argument. I will then present counterarguments and their implications. The death penalty in the United States is a contested subject, and even recently it has been voted to be unconstitutional by some states. Currently there are many states that still have the death penalty, though many have not executed anyone in recent years. Outside of the UnitedRead MoreEssay On Recycling Of Death Penalty799 Words   |  4 PagesRecycling of Death Penalty Criminal punishment has revolutionized over the years. In today’s 21st century crimes have expanded to another level from the years before. Today’s crimes range from different punishment, from getting a ticket to being in jail for two months, to getting 10 years in prison to a capital punishment. In this paper, I will disclosing the current death penalty, then I will share my views how death penalty should be handler, then I will introduce other opinion on death penalty. DeathRead MoreShould The Death Penalty Be Abolished?. The Death Penalty982 Words   |  4 PagesShould the death penalty be abolished? The death penalty is a â€Å"term that applies to capital punishment and is the worst penalty given for committing a murder or an atrocious assault.† (Black s Law Dictionary). Death penalty has been a part of human society and is legally approved for centuries. The first established death penalty laws date as far back as the Eighteenth Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammaurabi of Babylon, which codified the death penalty for 25 different crimes. Death sentences

The Incas and the Aztecs Essay - 874 Words

The Incas and the Aztecs Before the Spanish and Portuguese discovered the New World, there were many groups of people already living in South and Central America. Two of these groups were the Incas and the Aztecs. The Incas lived mainly in Peru, and the Aztecs lived mainly in what is today Mexico City. Although these two groups probably never came on contact with one another, they had many similar traits. This is probably partly because of the influences on them by traveling tribes. It is more likely that the similarities of the tribes are based on the similar conditions they lived with and the problems they faced.†¦show more content†¦In the sacrificial ceremonies they would sacrifice either people or animals. Some other occasions for a sacrificial ceremony were deliverance from draught, plague, earthquakes, or defeat in war[1]. In these religious ceremonies, they used beautiful statues and jewelry, usually made of gold. These pieces were crafted by the artisans, who were in the sixth social class, yet had a very important job. The Incas knew their respective jobs, and they loved working. There were many holidays to show reverence to the gods when the people wouldnt have to work; yet many of them chose to work anyway. The Incas kept records on quipus, colored strings with knots tied in them. Only specially trained people could decode them, so no records of the Incas are known. The largest social class of the Incas was the laborers. They were at the bottom of the totem pole, but they were the most important. The Incas are known for their superb architecture, bridges, roads and aqueducts, some of which still stand today. The architectural laborers were just as skilled as the quipu-decoders, just in a different way. They could carve slabs so well that nothing was used to join them when making a building. They were so intricate that they fit together perfectly, and this w as hard at the time because of theShow MoreRelatedThe Aztec And Inca1616 Words   |  7 PagesSince class was determined based on ethnicity, social stability was directly correlated with racial diversity. Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca brought a new regime to America. The Aztec and Inca were considered the two most powerful and influential empires in Mesoamerica and South America. However, after Cortez conquered the Aztec and Pissarro defeated the Inca, the Spanish became the rulers of the newly acquired land and continued to expand their control. Spaniards in America adopted the socialRead MoreAztec, Inca And Aztec Civilizations1134 Words   |  5 Pagesof Mexico. The Mayan, Incan and Aztec civilizations were a few of the greatest ancient civilizations in history, but they each had distinct characteristics that helped them prosper into the great empires that they became. Each had their own fascinating ways of food production, governing system and culture. The Mayans were established first out of the three and settled in modern-day Mexico. Then came the Aztecs and they also settled in modern-day Mexico and the Incas were the last of the three andRead MoreMayans, Aztecs, And Incas Essay1540 Words   |  7 PagesThe Aztecs, Mayans, and Incas were civilizations that settled in Central and South America thousands of years ago. There are vastly similar to each other, but also very different. They each had their own ways of growing their civilizations into what they needed to be successful. They had their own cultures and ways of life, but the ideas of each of them similarly came together in one way or another. The Mayan civilization was located in Central America on the Yucatan peninsula and down into theRead MoreMayans, Incas, And Aztecs Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesconvinced that the world was going to come to an end, there is one civilization that we can put the blame on, the Mayans. There were many myths and legends that come from the 3 major civilizations that we’ve all learned about; Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs. The Mayans, Incas, and Aztecs built great and legendary civilizations in Mexico, Central America, and South America and with understanding these three we get a better understanding of the early life in these places. The first of these three is the Maya civilizationRead MoreIncas and Aztecs Essay1959 Words   |  8 PagesIncas and Aztecs Like the Athenians and Spartans of ancient Greece, the Inca and the Aztec bear resemblance to the two other ancient cultures. The Athenians and Incas were both more interested in developing their Arts as well as their military, but both the Spartans and the Aztecs were highly interested more so in warfare than religion. Although the Aztec and Inca never had to face each other, it is interesting to compare them because of their dominant positions of extremely large and powerfulRead MoreThe Aztec And Inca Empires990 Words   |  4 Pagesactions, for the Spanish onto the Aztec it was ridding the world of heretics worshiping Gods of blood. The Aztec and Inca Empires fell with relative ease to the Spaniards due to a variety of contributing factors. Hesitate action from leadership may have played a role at least for the Aztecs as according to Hernan Cortez; Moctezuma believed that he possibly was a God. Superior weaponry such as steel based weapons/armor played a significant role, as bo th the Inca and Aztec empires still relied on weaponsRead MoreThe Aztecs And The Incas1135 Words   |  5 Pagesand millions of other stars! This is what the Aztecs and the Mayas saw every night. Both the Aztec and the Maya were a powerful and advanced civilization that were created separately from the Western European civilizations and did an amazing job doing so. Just like many other Ancient Civilizations the night sky plays a significant role in their society. Astronomy, Religion, culture and architecture are all aligned the stars. Both the Aztecs and the Maya originated in what is now the southernRead MoreAztecs And Incas : Similarities And Differences1422 Words   |  6 PagesThe Aztecs and Incas: Similarities and Differences The Aztecs were warrior people who lived in the Valley of Mexico, with the capital at Tenochtitlan, during the 1400s. Under their authoritarian state, the Aztecs worshipped their patron god, Huitzilopochtli, among other deities. Despite their warrior tactics and developed belief system, the Spaniards conquered them in 1519. The Incas (or Inkas) were the people who lived throughout the Andes Mountains from southern Peru to central Chile. With a societyRead MoreIncas Versus The Aztecs And Mayans Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesIncas versus the Aztecs and Mayans The incas rose in 1438, they fell in 1533. They suffered the attacks of Spanish conquerors such as Spaniard Francisco Pizarro (1475-1541) and the spread of small box. At the peak of power the civilization extended 4,000 km (2,500 miles) and included 16 million people. They were extremely advanced, had an army, laws, roads, bridges, and tunnels. Inca’s were the most advanced civilization because of their government, agriculture, architecture and technology comparedRead MoreMaya, Inca, And Aztec Societies903 Words   |  4 PagesMesoamerica is full of rich culture. Expeditions have revealed monuments of valiant, female sultan erected for display and iconography feminine in appearance. Women have played a prominent role in defining cultures; such is the case for Maya, Inca, and Aztec societies. Maya culture relied heavily on the female population. Before, agrarian labor was seen as a male domineering field; however, studies of the Classic Maya culture indicates farming was a communal occupation. All citizens, including

Ib Myp One World Essay Help Sheet free essay sample

Then evaluate all the (insert second one world factor) benefits and limitations. Word Count should be between 700 to 1200 words in length. Definitions State is defined as â€Å"to give a specific name, value or other brief answer without explanation or calculation. † Describe is defined as â€Å"to give a detailed account† Explain is defined as â€Å"to give a clear account including causes and reasons or mechanisms. † Discuss is defined as â€Å"to give an account including, where possible, a range of arguments for and against, the relative importance of various factors and comparisons of alternative hypotheses. Evaluate: is defined as â€Å"to assess the implications and limitations†; making an informed judgement or assessment For Level 5-6, you should be looking to Explain. Discuss and Evaluate Conclusion: †¢Very briefly summarise the main ideas of the essay and the main issue. †¢End with a recommendation/evaluation based on your argument. YO UR THESIS STATEMENT What is the point of your essay? How do you think this application of science addresses the problem in relation to one world factors? Your essay must have a focus or it will just be a succession of facts and information. After researching (and reviewing) the benefits and limitations, choose a position on the following spectrum. 1. Worst2. Bad, not too bad. 3. On the fence4. Good, not completely good. 5. Best possible (The scientific ideas or processes) offer no advantages to the world at all. There are only drawbacks. Although there are some advantages of (the scientific ideas of processes), the limitations are more significant than the advantages. The advantages and limitations of (the scientific ideas or processes) are equally balanced. Although the (scientific idea or processes) have some limitations, there are more significant advantages. There are only advantages to the (scientific ideas or processes) no limitations or drawbacks. NB: It is very difficult to get a 5 or 6 grade if you choose thesis statement 1 or 5. Also, stating that everything has positive and negatives so we have to accept it, is not a fair conclusion. You have looked at the evidence (benefits and limitations), give your informed judgement/evaluation on the issue. Referencing Reference Government/ UN/Non government organization (NGO’s) reports and newspaper articles and scientific journal for key statistics, tables, graphs and diagrams, Remember to refer to all inserts (diagrams/graphs/tables) in our text. Eg. As Fig1 illustrates the USA produced the highest volume (insert number) of carbon dioxide emissions in 2006. Use of Websites Try to find the references the website uses eg. Every Wikipedia article has a list of references at the bottom. Check and use the original reference APA format:Name of organization. (year). Title. Retrieved from U RL Last name, initials. (year). Title. Retrieved from URL See APA referencing guide for detailed information on how to reference correctly. GUIDANCE FOR WRITING ABOUT ONE WORLD FACTORS Think about these definitions/questions when you evaluate the benefits and limitations of this application of science in regards to one world factors. ECONOMIC is defined as â€Å"pertaining to the production, distribution, and use of income, wealth, and commodities. † †¢The costs and benefits of using science. Who pays or receives the benefit? Is it worth it? How much will it cost? Are the potential benefits worth the cost? Who pays for it, private companies, the Government, consumers? (Obesity will cost governments millions but so does changing people’s eating habits and diet- is it worth attempting to deal with it? ) SOCIAL is defined as â€Å"of or pertaining to the life, welfare, and relations of human beings in a community. † †¢The people affected or involved, from a few people up to the global community. How will this application of science affect society, will it affect everyone or a select group? Will it unfairly affect one group of society over another? Will everyone have access to the science/solution or only the privileged (An oil refinery is a local problem but global warming is truly global) ETHICAL is defined as â€Å"pertaining to or dealing with morals or the principles of morality; pertaining to right and wrong in conduct. †¢Is it right or wrong to use science in this way and if we do, how ought we to do it? (Aborting foetuses is something we have to do in a caring way even if we think it is right or wrong. Who decides whether it is right or wrong, the Government, religious groups, individuals? There are ways of doing things and often a law to guide us animal tes ting is highly policed). POLITICAL is defined as â€Å"of, pertaining to, or involving the state or its government. † †¢Is the government involved directly or are powerful groups trying to influence people or the government or the UN etc? Notice how much diet advice is given in books by non-experts. Why would the Government be for or against this the application of this science and how would it affect other countries? ENVIRONMENTAL is defined as â€Å"of, relating to, or associated with the environment. † †¢Is the issue an environmental one in some way, directly or indirectly? (Pollution is direct but what about binge-drinking? ) CULTURAL is defined as â€Å"of, relating to, or associated with the behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social, ethnic, or age group. †¢A problem in one place is seen differently in another for reasons such as faith, tradition and different belief values. (Asians tolerate bugs, Nepalese dogs because of their faith, Europeans see even one cockroach as a health threat, Catholics are against abortion, others ban TV and medical treatment, Muslims are against plastic surgery, Chinese medicine uses rare, threatened animal parts). How will this application of scie nce affect different communities of people which live in a multicultural society?

Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay Example For Students

Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay Word Count: 5516The information contained in this file is strictly for academic use alone. Outlaw Labs will bear no responsibility for any use otherwise. It would be wise to note that the personnel who design and construct these devices are skilled physicists and are more knowledgeable in these matters than any layperson can ever hope to be Should a layperson attempt to build a device such as this, chances are s/he would probably kill his/herself not by a nuclear detonation, but rather through radiation exposure. We here at Outlaw Labs do not recommend using this file beyond the realm of casual or academic curiosity. ============================================================================ -+ Table of Contents +- I. The History of the A). Development (The Manhattan Project) B). Detonation 1). Hiroshima 2). Nagasaki 3). Byproducts of atomic detonations 4). Blast Zones II. Nuclear Fission/Nuclear Fusion A). Fission (A-Bomb) Fusion (H-Bomb) B). U-235, U-238 and Plutonium III. The Mechanism of The Bomb - A). Altimeter B). Air Pressure Detonator C). Detonating Head(s) D). Explosive Charge(s) E). Neutron Deflector F). Uranium Plutonium G). Lead Shield H). Fuses IV. The Diagram of The Bomb A). The Uranium Bomb B). The Plutonium Bomb ============================================================================ File courtesy of Outlaw Labs I. The History of the Atomic Bomb On August 2nd 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify U-235 with which might in turn be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known only then as the Manhattan Project. Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to expedient research and production that would produce a viable atomic bomb. The most complicated issue to be addressed was the production of ample amounts of `enriched uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time, Uranium-235 was very hard to extract. In fact, the ratio of conversion from Uranium ore to Uranium metal is 500:1. An additional drawback is that the 1 part of Uranium that is finally refined from the ore consists of over 99% Uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To make it even more difficult, U-235 and U-238 are precisely similar in their chemical makeup. This proved to be as much of a challenge as separating a solution of sucrose from a solution of glucose. No ordinary chemical extraction could separate the two isotopes. Only mechanical methods could effectively separate U-235 from U-238. Several scientists at Columbia University managed to solve this dilemma. A massive enrichment laboratory/plant was constructed at Oak Ridge, Tennessee. H. C. Urey, along with his associates and colleagues at Columbia University, devised a system that worked on the principle of gaseous diffusion. Following this process, Ernest O. Lawrence (inventor of the Cyclotron) at the University of California in Berkeley implemented a process involving magnetic separation of the two isotopes. Following the first two processes, a gas centrifuge was used to further separate the lighter U-235 from the heavier non-fissionable U-238 by their mass. Once all of these procedures had been completed, all that needed to be done was to put to the test the entire concept behind atomic fission. For more information on these procedures of refining Uranium, see Section 3. Over the course of six years, ranging from 1939 to 1945, more than 2 billion dollars were spent on the Manhattan Project. The formulas for refining Uranium and putting together a working bomb were created and seen to their logical ends by some of the greatest minds of our time. Among these people who unleashed the power of the atomic bomb was J. Robert Oppenheimer. Oppenheimer was the major force behind the Manhattan Project. He literally ran the show and saw to it that all of the great minds working on this project made their brainstorms work. He oversaw the entire project from its conception to its completion. Finally the day came when all at Los Alamos would find out whether or not The Gadget (code-named as such during its development) was either going to be the colossal dud of the century or perhaps end the war. It all came down to a fateful morning of midsummer, 1945. At 5:29:45 (Mountain War Time) on July 16th, 1945, in a white blaze that stretched from the basin of the Jemez Mountains in northern New Mexico to the still-dark skies, The Gadget ushered in the Atomic Age. The light of the explosion then turned orange as the atomic fireball began shooting upwards at 360 feet per second, reddening and pulsing as it cooled. The characteristic mushroom cloud of radioactive vapor materialized at 30,000 feet. Beneath the cloud, all that remained of the soil at the blast site were fragments of jade green radioactive glass. All of this caused by the heat of the reaction. The brilliant light from the detonation pierced the early morning skies with such intensity that residents from a faraway neighboring community would swear that the sun came up twice that day. Even more astonishing is that a blind girl saw the flash 120 miles away. Upon witnessing the explosion, reactions among the people who created it were mixed. Isidor Rabi felt that the equilibrium in nature had been upset as if humankind had become a threat to the world it inhabited. J. Robert Oppenheimer, though ecstatic about the success of the project, quoted a remembered fragment from Bhagavad Gita. I am become Death, he said, the destroyer of worlds. Ken Bainbridge, the test director, told Oppenheimer, Now were all sons of bitches. Several participants, shortly after viewing the results, signed petitions against loosing the monster they had created, but their protests fell on deaf ears. As it later turned out, the Jornada del Muerto of New Mexico was not the last site on planet Earth to experience an atomic explosion. As many know, atomic bombs have been used only twice in warfare. The first and foremost blast site of the atomic bomb is Hiroshima. A Uranium bomb (which weighed in at over 4 1/2 tons) nicknamed Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima August 6th, 1945. The Aioi Bridge, one of 81 bridges connecting the seven-branched delta of the Ota River, was the aiming point of the bomb. Ground Zero was set at 1,980 feet. At 0815 hours, the bomb was dropped from the Enola Gay. It missed by only 800 feet. At 0816 hours, in the flash of an instant, 66,000 people were killed and 69,000 people were injured by a 10 kiloton atomic explosion. The point of total vaporization from the blast measured one half of a mile in diameter. Total destruction ranged at one mile in diameter. Severe blast damage carried as far as two miles in diameter. At two and a half miles, everything flammable in the area burned. The remaining area of the blast zone was riddled with serious blazes that stretched out to the final edge at a little over three miles in diameter. See diagram below for blast ranges from the atomic blast. On August 9th 1945, Nagasaki fell to the same treatment as Hiroshima. Only this time, a Plutonium bomb nicknamed Fat Man was dropped on the city. Even though the Fat Man missed by over a mile and a half, it still leveled nearly half the city. Nagasakis population dropped in one split-second from 422,000 to 383,000. 39,000 were killed, over 25,000 were injured. That blast was less than 10 kilotons as well. Estimates from physicists who have studied each atomic explosion state that the bombs that were used had utilized only 1/10th of 1 percent of their respective explosive capabilities. While the mere explosion from an atomic bomb is deadly enough, its destructive ability doesnt stop there. Atomic fallout creates another hazard as well. The rain that follows any atomic detonation is laden with radioactive particles. Many survivors of the Hiroshima and Nagasaki blasts succumbed to radiation poisoning due to this occurance. The atomic detonation also has the hidden lethal surprise of affecting the future generations of those who live through it. Leukemia is among the greatest of afflictions that are passed on to the offspring of survivors. While the main purpose behind the atomic bomb is obvious, there are many by-products that have been brought into consideration in the use of all weapons atomic. With one small atomic bomb, a massive areas communications, travel and machinery will grind to a dead halt due to the EMP (Electro- Magnetic Pulse) that is radiated from a high-altitude atomic detonation. These high-level detonations are hardly lethal, yet they deliver a serious enough EMP to scramble any and all things electronic ranging from copper wires all the way up to a computers CPU within a 50 mile radius. At one time, during the early days of The Atomic Age, it was a popular notion that one day atomic bombs would one day be used in mining operations and perhaps aid in the construction of another Panama Canal. Needless to say, it never came about. Instead, the military applications of atomic destruction increased. Atomic tests off of the Bikini Atoll and several other sites were common up until the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty was introduced. Photos of nuclear test sites here in the United States can be obtained through the Freedom of Information Act. ============================================================================ Breakdown of the Atomic Bombs Blast Zones - . . . . . . . . 5 4 5 . . . . . . . . . . 3 _ 3 . . . 2 . . . _._ . . .~ ~. . . . 4 . .2. 1 .2. . 4 . . . . . . . ~-.-~ . . . 2 . . . 3 3 . . . . . . ~ ~ . ~ 5 . 4 . 5 . . . . . . ============================================================================ Diagram Outline 1 Vaporization Point Everything is vaporized by the atomic blast. 98% fatalities. Overpress=25 psi. Wind velocity=320 mph. Krik Krak Essay A simple piece of very thin magnetized metal can be used as an air pressure detonator. All that is needed is for the strip of metal to have a bubble of extremely thin metal forged in the center and have it placed directly underneath the electrical contact which will trigger the conventional explosive detonation. Before setting the strip in place, push the bubble in so that it will be inverted. Once the air pressure has achieved the desired level, the magnetic bubble will snap back into its original position and strike the contact, thus completing the circuit and setting off the explosive(s). Detonating Head The detonating head (or heads, depending on whether a Uranium or Plutonium bomb is being used as a model) that is seated in the conventional explosive charge(s) is similar to the standard-issue blasting cap. It merely serves as a catalyst to bring about a greater explosion. Calibration of this device is essential. Too small of a detonating head will only cause a colossal dud that will be doubly dangerous since someones got to disarm and re-fit the bomb with another detonating head. (an added measure of discomfort comes from the knowledge that the conventional explosive may have detonated with insufficient force to weld the radioactive metals. This will cause a supercritical mass that could go off at any time.) The detonating head will receive an electric charge from the either the air pressure detonator or the radar altimeters coordinating detonator, depending on what type of system is used. The Du Pont company makes rather excellent blasting caps that can be easily modified to suit the required specifications. Conventional Explosive Charge(s) This explosive is used to introduce (and weld) the lesser amount of Uranium to the greater amount within the bombs housing. The amount of pressure needed to bring this about is unknown and possibly classified by the United States Government for reasons of National Security Plastic explosives work best in this situation since they can be manipulated to enable both a Uranium bomb and a Plutonium bomb to detonate. One very good explosive is Urea Nitrate. The directions on how to make Urea Nitrate are as follows: Ingredients 1 1 cup concentrated solution of uric acid (C5 H4 N4 O3) 2 1/3 cup of nitric acid 3 4 heat-resistant glass containers 4 4 filters (coffee filters will do) Filter the concentrated solution of uric acid through a filter to remove impurities. Slowly add 1/3 cup of nitric acid to the solution and let the mixture stand for 1 hour. Filter again as before. This time the Urea Nitrate crystals will collect on the filter. Wash the crystals by pouring water over them while they are in the filter. Remove the crystals from the filter and allow 16 hours for them to dry. This explosive will need a blasting cap to detonate. It may be necessary to make a quantity larger than the aforementioned list calls for to bring about an explosion great enough to cause the Uranium (or Plutonium) sections to weld together on impact. Neutron Deflector The neutron deflector is comprised solely of Uranium-238. Not only is U-238 non-fissionable, it also has the unique ability to reflect neutrons back to their source. The U-238 neutron deflector can serve 2 purposes. In a Uranium bomb, the neutron deflector serves as a safeguard to keep an accidental supercritical mass from occurring by bouncing the stray neutrons from the `bullet counterpart of the Uranium mass away from the greater mass below it (and vice- versa). The neutron deflector in a Plutonium bomb actually helps the wedges of Plutonium retain their neutrons by `reflecting the stray particles back into the center of the assembly. See diagram in Section 4 of this file. Uranium Plutonium - Uranium-235 is very difficult to extract. In fact, for every 25,000 tons of Uranium ore that is mined from the earth, only 50 tons of Uranium metal can be refined from that, and 99.3% of that metal is U-238 which is too stable to be used as an active agent in an atomic detonation. To make matters even more complicated, no ordinary chemical extraction can separate the two isotopes since both U-235 and U-238 possess precisely identical chemical characteristics. The only methods that can effectively separate U-235 from U-238 are mechanical methods. U-235 is slightly, but only slightly, lighter than its counterpart, U-238. A system of gaseous diffusion is used to begin the separating process between the two isotopes. In this system, Uranium is combined with fluorine to form Uranium Hexafluoride gas. This mixture is then propelled by low- pressure pumps through a series of extremely fine porous barriers. Because the U-235 atoms are lighter and thus propelled faster than the U-238 atoms, they could penetrate the barriers more rapidly. As a result, the U-235s concentration became successively greater as it passed through each barrier. After passing through several thousand barriers, the Uranium Hexafluoride contains a relatively high concentration of U-235 2% pure Uranium in the case of reactor fuel, and if pushed further could (theoretically) yield up to 95% pure Uranium for use in an atomic bomb. Once the process of gaseous diffusion is finished, the Uranium must be refined once again. Magnetic separation of the extract from the previous enriching process is then implemented to further refine the Uranium. This involves electrically charging Uranium Tetrachloride gas and directing it past a weak electromagnet. Since the lighter U-235 particles in the gas stream are less affected by the magnetic pull, they can be gradually separated from the flow. Following the first two procedures, a third enrichment process is then applied to the extract from the second process. In this procedure, a gas centrifuge is brought into action to further separate the lighter U-235 from its heavier counter-isotope. Centrifugal force separates the two isotopes of Uranium by their mass. Once all of these procedures have been completed, all that need be done is to place the properly molded components of Uranium-235 inside a warhead that will facilitate an atomic detonation. Supercritical mass for Uranium-235 is defined as 110 lbs (50 kgs) of pure Uranium. Depending on the refining process(es) used when purifying the U-235 for use, along with the design of the warhead mechanism and the altitude at which it detonates, the explosive force of the A-bomb can range anywhere from 1 kiloton (which equals 1,000 tons of TNT) to 20 megatons (which equals 20 million tons of TNT which, by the way, is the smallest strategic nuclear warhead we possess today. {Point in fact One Trident Nuclear Submarine carries as much destructive power as 25 World War IIs}). While Uranium is an ideally fissionable material, it is not the only one. Plutonium can be used in an atomic bomb as well. By leaving U-238 inside an atomic reactor for an extended period of time, the U-238 picks up extra particles (neutrons especially) and gradually is transformed into the element Plutonium. Plutonium is fissionable, but not as easily fissionable as Uranium. While Uranium can be detonated by a simple 2-part gun-type device, Plutonium must be detonated by a more complex 32-part implosion chamber along with a stronger conventional explosive, a greater striking velocity and a simultaneous triggering mechanism for the conventional explosive packs. Along with all of these requirements comes the additional task of introducing a fine mixture of Beryllium and Polonium to this metal while all of these actions are occurring. Supercritical mass for Plutonium is defined as 35.2 lbs (16 kgs). This amount needed for a supercritical mass can be reduced to a smaller quantity of 22 lbs (10 kgs) by surrounding the Plutonium with a U-238 casing. To illustrate the vast difference between a Uranium gun-type detonator and a Plutonium implosion detonator, here is a quick rundown. ============================================================================ 1 Uranium Detonator Comprised of 2 parts. Larger mass is spherical and concave. Smaller mass is precisely the size and shape of the `missing section of the larger mass. Upon detonation of conventional explosive, the smaller mass is violently injected and welded to the larger mass. Supercritical mass is reached, chain reaction follows in one millionth of a second. 2 Plutonium Detonator - Comprised of 32 individual 45-degree pie-shaped sections of Plutonium surrounding a Beryllium/Polonium mixture. These 32 sections together form a sphere. All of these sections must have the precisely equal mass (and shape) of the others. The shape of the detonator resembles a soccerball. Upon detonation of conventional explosives, all 32 sections must merge with the B/P mixture within 1 ten-millionths of a second. ____________________________________________________________________________ Diagram - ____________________________________________________________________________ | Uranium Detonator | Plutonium Detonator ______________________________________|_____________________________________ _____ | | 😠 | . 2 . | 😠 | . ~ \_/ ~ . | 2:| | .. . . . | 😠 | 2| . |2 | .:| | . ~~~ . . . ~~~ . `:: | . . . . . _ ~~~ _ | . . ~ . . . `| |:.. | 2. . . . 1 . . . ./2 . | | `:::. | ./ . ~~~ . . | | `::: | . . : . . . | | :::: | . . . . . | 1 | ::|:: | . ___ . ___ . . `. . ,::||: | 2| . |2 ~~~ ::|||: | . _ `. .. 2 .::|||: | . / . :: ..::||||: | ~ -2- ~ :::::::::::::||||:: | ::::||||||||: | ::::: | | | | | 1 = Collision Point | 1 = Collision Point 2 Uranium Section(s) | 2 = Plutonium Section(s) | | ______________________________________|_____________________________________ ============================================================================ Lead Shield The lead shields only purpose is to prevent the inherent radioactivity of the bombs payload from interfering with the other mechanisms of the bomb. The neutron flux of the bombs payload is strong enough to short circuit the internal circuitry and cause an accidental or premature detonation. Fuses The fuses are implemented as another safeguard to prevent an accidental detonation of both the conventional explosives and the nuclear payload. These fuses are set near the surface of the `nose of the bomb so that they can be installed easily when the bomb is ready to be launched. The fuses should be installed only shortly before the bomb is launched. To affix them before it is time could result in an accident of catastrophic proportions.